Answer all questions in this section in the answer booklet provided

1. Identify the arm of government that interpret the law in Kenya (1 mark)

 Judiciary 

2. Apart from Kenyapithecus, name two hominids whose remains have been discovered in

Kenya (2 marks)

i. Dryopithecus/Proconsul / woodland ape

ii. Australopithecus

iii. Homo Habilis

iv. Homo Erectus

v. Homo Sapiens

First 1 x 1

3. Mention one way in which rural-urban migration has led to food shortage in Kenya (1 mark)

i. Reduces the needed labour force for food production

ii. Leads to loss of relevant skills needed for agricultural production in rural areas

iii. It lowers the market/demands for the agricultural produces in the rural areas

First 2 x 1

4. Identify two communities that dispersed from Mt. Elgon during their migration and settlement in the 19th century (2 mark)

i. Abagusii

ii. Abaluyia

iii. Abakuria

First 1 x 1

5. Mention one reason why Kenyan communities performed ceremonies during the pre-colonial period (1 mark)

i. To celebrate good harvest

ii. To mark important social events such as births/marriage/deaths

iii. To appease their ancestral spirits/gods/deities in times of misfortunes

iv. To mark the beginning of sporting activities such as wrestling/dances

v. To enhance social cohesion/unity in the communities.

First 2 x 1

6. Outline two functions of the Portuguese captains during their reign along the East African Coast (2 marks)

i. They collected tribute from coastal towns

ii. They supervised the ruling families

iii. To suppress/quell any resistances/rebellion from the coastal towns

iv. They levied/imposed custom duties on imports / Tox

v. They administer the east Africa coast

Give one benefit of dual citizenship in Kenya (1 mark) 

i. A person can work in either of the countries

ii. One can choose to live in either of the countries

iii. One is entitled1 right/ freedoms enshrined in the constitution of Kenya

State one way in which the constitution promotes National Unity in Kenya (1mark) 

i. It states that everyone is equal before the rule of law

ii. It protects every individual against any form of discrimination /ogued right.

iii. It guarantees all Kenyan equal opportunities

iv. It provide for a unitary government

1. Identify two minority groups whose rights were protected by the independence constitution (1963) of Kenya (2mark) First 2 x 1

i. The Asian / Indians

ii. The Whites / Europeans

1. Give the main disadvantage of democracy (1mark) First 1 x 1
2. i. Rights of the minority are always ignored/ Promotes dictatorship by the majority
3. Give two ways in which the Luo reacted to the establishment of the British rule in Kenya (2marks) First 2 x 1

i. Some sections resisted

ii. Some sections collaborated

1. State the main method used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya (1 mark) First 1 x 1
2. i. Military force
3. State the main way in which Africans benefited from recommendations of the Devonshire White paper of 1923(1mark) First 1 x 1
4. i. Africans were decreed paramount/given priority before those of immigrant races
5. Name two members of African Elected Members Organization (AEMO)(2marks) First 2 x 1
6. i. Jaramogi Oginga Odinga
7. ii. Tom Mboya
8. iii. Daniel Arap Moi
9. iv. Lawrence Oguda
10. v. Masinde Muliro
11. vi. Bernard Mate
12. vii. James Muimi
13. viii. Ronald Ngala

Outline two contribution of Jaramogi Oginga Odinga in the struggle for independence in Kenya (2 marks) 

i. He attended KAU rallies in Kisumu and resolved to join Kenyatta and other nationalists in the struggle of independence

ii. He demanded the release of detained nationalists

iii. He attended the Lancaster house conferences which paved way for Kenya's independence

iv. He took part in the formation of KANU which led Kenya to independence

v. He was elected in the legislative Council (Legco) where he pushed for more political rights for Africans

vi. He led the formation African Elected Members Organization which pushed for more constitutional reforms

vii. He became the first vice president of Kenya at Independence

1. State the main function of correctional services in Kenya (1mark) First 1 x 1
2. i. They rehabilitates the convicted criminals though guidance and counseling
3. Identify two levels of government in Kenya (1mark) First 1 x 1
4. i. National government
5. ii. Devolved government / County govt

SECTION B (45 marks)

Answer three questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

18(a) Give five reasons for the migration of cushites into Kenya during the 19th century (5marks) First 5 x 1

i. Due to external attacks in their cradle land

ii. They wanted to satisfy their spirit of adventure

iii. Due internal conflicts/clan/family feuds

iv. Due to population pressure in their cradled land

v. Due to outbreak of drought/famine in the area

vi. Due to outbreak of human epidemics/diseases

vii. They were looking for areas with fresh water and pasture for their livestock

b) Describe the political organization of the Somali during the pre-colonial period (10marks) First 5 x 2

i. They had a decentralized system of government

ii. Clans were the basic political unit formed by several related families

iii. Clans were headed by the council of elders

iv. The council of elders settled disputes and maintained law and order

family - headed by father

x. Age set system - Intran / provided world

v. They had a class of warriors who protected the community from external attack

vi. They later ruled by Sheikhs/Sultans (Overall Chief) due influence of Islam

vii. The position of the Sheikh was hereditary.

viii. His primary role was being a negotiator between different clans

ix. Sharia were later adopted in the administration

19 (a) Give five reasons for the Akamba dominance in the long distance trade (5marks) First 5 x 1

i. skilled hunters.

ii. Akamba were centrally/strategically located between the coast and the interior

iii. There existed items of trade

iv. The existence of merchants/entrepreneurs es chief Kiviu

v. There existed trade routes between the coast and the interior

vi. There was demand for goods

vii. Drought/unreliable rainfall/unfavourable climatic conditions

viii. There existed markets for the good/availability of markets

b) Explain five impacts of the Omani rule in East Africa up to the 19th century (10marks) First 5 x 2

i. Led to spread of Islam as many people were converted

ii. The volume of trade in the region increase as new goods were introduced

iii. Led to growth of slave trade due high demand of slave labour on Omani Plantations

iv. Led to growth of plantation agriculture along the coast

v. Led to growth of urban centres which later grew into towns

vi. Led to increased link between East Africa and the rest of the world

vii. Led to introduction of new crops along the East African coast which boosted food security e.g. Cloves

viii. Led to introduction of sharia in the administration

ix. Intermarriages between Omani Arabs and the Africans led to Swahili people

25 Outline five causes of Nandi resistance against the British invasion in Kenya (5 marks) First 5 x 1

i. They wanted to safeguard their independence

ii. They were against massive land alienation

iii. They wanted to preserve their culture

iv. They wanted to avert the fulfilment of Kimnyole's prophecy

v. They detested the physical appearance of the white which they considered evil

vi. Nandi pride made them feel equal to the whites if not superior to them

vii. The Nandi Military superiority in the region gave them confidence to fight the British

viii. Nandi resented introduction of forced labour on European settlements

ix. Introduction of taxation in the Nandi countryside created a discontent

x. They had able leadership which inspired and unified people against the British

xi. The Nandi had deep seated hatred for foreigners hence fought the British as intruders

(b) Explain five results of urbanization in Kenya during the colonial period (10marks) First 5 x 2

i. It brought different ethnic communities together thereby promoting a sense of belonging to one nation

ii. It laid the foundation for the rise of African nationalism which later led to independence

iii. It helped to transformed the lifestyle of Africans in the way of dressing and eating habits / problem of culture

iv. It created market for the African farmers in the neighbouring rural areas

v. It created employment opportunities for a majority of Africans

vi. Led to rise of social ills such as immorality and crimes due to increasing urban unemployment

vii. Led to introduction of racial segregation in the residential areas by the colonial government

viii. Africans working in urban areas received low wages

ix. It led to inadequate housing facilities to meet the demand of the people leading to growth of slums

x. Increased rural to urban migration

xi. Poverty due to unemployment

xii. Outbreak of diseases

21(a) Give five social contributions of Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya between 1978-2002 (3marks) First 3 x 1

i. He built schools/higher learning institutions e.g. Moi University to improve literacy

ii. He built hospitals to increase healthcare services

iii. He built Sports stadia to promote sporting activities

iv. He built theatric centres/Museum to promote culture/artistic works

v. He introduced the 8.4.4 system of education to impart technical skills

vi. He champion of environmental protection through building of gabions and afforestation programmes

vii. He introduced feeding programmes in primary schools to encourage children to go school.

b) Explain five challenges experienced by independent schools and churches in Kenya (12marks) First 6 x 2

i. They faced competition from main stream churches and mission schools

ii. Inadequate funds made it difficult for them to run their operations

iii. There were shortages of manpower to manage their activities

iv. Wrangles among leaders over positions destabilize them

v. They constantly harassed by the colonial government through arrests of their leaders

vi. Some intuitions were closed down by the colonial government during the state of emergency

vii. Poor Leadership leading to collapse.

SECTION C (30 marks)

Answer two questions from this section in the answer booklet provided

22 (a) Identify three circumstances in which one's freedom of movement may limited (3marks) First 3 x 1

i. When preventing the spread of an infectious disease

ii. When effecting a court order requiring one to be arrested

iii. When one is suspected to have committed/about to commit a crime

iv. When securing education/welfare of a person below the age of 18

v. When rehabilitating a drug addict

vi. When securing the welfare of a person of unsound mind

vii. When a curfew is imposed in times of war/insecurity

viii. There are restricted areas where movement of the public is limited

b) Explain six reasons why it is important to respect human rights (12marks) First 6 x 2

i. It promotes human dignity as rights of people are observed

ii. To promotes unity among the people by encouraging peaceful coexistence

iii. It promotes the rule of law by enhancing good governance

iv. It promotes the respect for other people's culture by appreciating cultural diversity

v. It promotes socio-economic development by creating conducive environment

vi. It provides guidance to state organs regarding exercise of duties

vii. It promotes democracy as other people's opinions are respected

viii. It justifies special treatment of disadvantaged people in the society / monhs

ix. It promotes international relations by observing International treating on human rights

23 (a) Name three National Security Organs in Kenya (3marks) First 3 x 1

i. National police services

ii. National intelligence service

iii. The Defence forces

(b) Explain six circumstances that can lead to a by-election for the position of the member of parliament (12marks) First 6 x 2

i. If a member dies before the expiry of his/her term in office

ii. If a member resigns in writing to the speaker of the county assembly

iii. If a member resigns from political party that sponsored him/her to the assembly before the next general election

iv. If a member miss eight consecutive sitting of the assembly without permission from the speaker

v. If a member is declared bankrupt making him/her ineligible to hold public office

vi. When a member becomes mentally/physically incapacitated to perform his/her functions

vii. If a member ceases to be Kenyan citizen therefore making him ineligible to stand for elections

viii. If a member receives a jail term exceeding 12 six months

ix. If a member's election is nullified by the court of law

List three subordinate courts in Kenya (3marks) First 3 x 1

i. The Magistrate courts

ii. The Kadhi Courts

iii. The Court Martial

iv. Tribunals

Describesix functions of the cabinet in Kenya (12marks) First 6 x 2

i. It formulates government policies/programmes to the people

ii. It advises and assist the president in running the government

iii. It implements government policies/programmes

iv. Discusses matters of national and international importance to the people

v. It preapares budget through the ministry of finance

vi. It provides parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under their control

vii. It initiates bills which are debated in the parliament

viii. It appoints board members of the parastatals in their respective ministries