1. Factors which influenced the Akamba participation in the Long Distance Trade during the pre-colonial period (2 marks)

(i) Their land was semi-arid/ unreliable rainfall/ their land was not good for agriculture/ trade was the only available economic activity.

(ii) Good relationship with other players in the trade.

(iii) Demand for commodities/ slaves/ ivory.

(iv) Presence of able leaders/ Chief Kivoi.

(v) Outbreak of famine/ food shortage.

(vi) Strategic/ good location between the Coast of Kenya and the interior.

(vii) The availability of items of trade.

(viii) The existence of trade route between the Coast and the interior.

(ix) The existence of local trade.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

2. One aspect of the Bantu social organization that was borrowed from the Cushites: (1 mark)

(i) Circumcision.

(ii) The age-set system.

(iii) Taboo against eating fish.

Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

3. Two natural factors which facilitated contact between the Kenyan Coast and the outside world by 1500 AD. (2 marks)

• (i) The regular monsoon winds.
• (ii) Accessibility of the Kenyan Coast by sea.
• Existence of deep natural harbours.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.

4. Explain the meaning of the term citizenship.

• (i) It is the legal right of a person to belong to a particular country. 1 x 1 = 1 mark.

5. Two symbols of national unity in Kenya.

• (i) The Presidency/President and Deputy President.
• (ii) The Coat of Arms.
• (iii) The National Flag.
• (iv) The National Anthem.
• (v) The Constitution.
• (vi) The Public Seal.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

6. Describe two characteristics of the early political organizations in Kenya up to 1939.

• (i) They were led by educated Africans.
• (ii) They demanded an end to economic exploitation/ better living conditions.
• (iii) They used non-violent means to raise their demands.
• (iv) They had similar grievances.
• (v) They were ethnic based.
• (vi) They had small membership.
• (vii) They received moral/ Material support from the Asians.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

7. Ways through which the mass media promotes national unity in Kenya.

• (i) It enables citizens to contribute to national debates/ matters of national importance.
• (ii) It disseminates information to all people at the same time.
• (iii) It creates jobs/ employment opportunities.
• (iv) It educates the public on societal values/ morals.
• (v) Knowledge is shared through education programmes/ T.V education channel.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

8. Two reasons for the establishment of the Local Native Councils in Kenya during the colonial period:

• (i) To provide a forum where the government would address concerns of the Africans.
• (ii) To create a channel through which educated Africans would articulate their issues.
• (iii) To involve local people in the running of the government.
• (iv) To encourage/develop a sense of responsibility among the Africans.
• (v) To enhance restriction of the Africans in the reserves.
• (vi) To provide a link between the Central Government and African people.
• (vii) To make use of local resources to achieve development.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.

9. Explain the Main contribution of Tom Mboya to the development of Kenya during the colonial period.

• (i) Trade unionism / organized/ offered leadership in the trade union movement/ championed the rights of workers.

1 x 1 = 1 mark.

10. Give one factor which made the British use indirect rule in Kenya;

• (i) The British were avoiding resistance/confrontation with some African communities.
• (ii) They lacked enough personnel/manpower/staff.
• (iii) The British lacked adequate funds.
• (iv) The method had been successfully used elsewhere/ India/ Uganda.
• (v) Existence of a well established traditional system of government.

Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.

11. Explain the meaning of the term ‘pure democracy’

• (i) It is where people are directly involved in making decisions on matters affecting them/direct democracy.

1 x 1 = 1 mark

12. Two national philosophies adopted in Kenya: post independence.

• (i) Nyayoism.
• (ii) Harambee.
• (iii) African Socialism.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.

13. Political problems that Kenya inherited from the colonial government:

• (i) Ethnic differences/tribalism.
• (ii) Domination of public service by the Europeans/discrimination of Africans on employment/Lack of African technocrats.
• (iii) Ideological differences among African leaders.
• (iv) Differences/disputes over colonial boundaries.
• (v) Colonial laws/legislations.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.

14. Describe the role of the Deputy Chief executive of a County: Government in Kenya.

• (i) Deputizes the Governor.
• (ii) Performs any duties assigned by the Governor.
• (iii) Acts for the Governor in his/her absence.
• (iv) Assumes office/replaces the Governor in case of death/ incapacitation/ removal.

Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark.

15. Political challenges experienced by the second president of Kenya (Daniel Moi):

• (i) The 1982 coup attempt.
• (ii) Pressure for multi-party democracy.
• (iii) Alleged political assassinations.
• (iv) Violation of human rights.
• (v) Tribal clashes.
• (vi) Alleged rigging of elections.
• (vii) Tribalism/existence of tribal associations.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks.

16. The immediate event which led to the declaration of the state of emergency in Kenya in October 1952:

• (i) The assassination/murder of Chief Waruhiu. Wakhungu

1 x 1 = 1 mark.

Section B (45 marks)

17. (a) Explain five factors that influenced the migration of the Plain Nilotes into Kenya:

• (i) There was outbreak of diseases/epidemics.
• (ii) Due to the spirit of adventure/ to discover new places.
• (iii) There was overpopulation/population pressure in their original homeland.
• (iv) They moved in search of pasture/water for their livestock.
• (v) They moved due to drought/famine.
• (vi) Due to external attacks by other communities.
• (vii) Internal conflicts /family feuds.

Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

(b) Five aspects of social organization among the Agikuyu Upto the 19th Century:

• (i) The family was the lowest/basic unit and was headed by a father - basic social / small social unit
• (ii) There existed clans which comprised of several related families.
• (iii) Marriage was exogamous as it was a taboo to marry within the clan/polygamy was practised.
• (iv) They practised circumcision of boys/girls as a way of initiating them into adulthood.
• (v) They believed in a supreme being whom they called ‘Ngai’ who was their creator.
• (vi) They believed in the existence of ancestral spirits/spirits of their forefathers who influenced their lives.
• (vii) They lived in grass-thatched houses which were made in a specified manner/circular in shape.
• (viii) There were medicine men who treated the sick in the community.

18. (a) Five reasons for the establishment of mission stations by the early missionaries in Kenya:

• (i) To create centres for learning/education / vocational education.
• (ii) To have coordination centres for evangelization/ spread of Christianity / Training.
• (iii) To serve as rescue centres for African convertees.
• (iv) To provide places of worship/churches.
• (v) To provide accommodation for church ministers.
• (vi) To create rehabilitation centres for freed slaves.
• (vii) To serve as health centres.

Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks(b) Discuss five effects of missionary activities in Kenya up to 19th Century (10 marks)

• (i) It led to colonization of Kenya as their reports exposed the existence of wealth in the interior thereby attracting colonialists.
• (ii) Africans were converted into Christianity in most parts of the country through the teachings / other activities of the mission stations, thereby abandoning some of the cultural practices/polygamy/female genital mutilation.
• (iii) They led to the development of infrastructure / roads which eased their operations.
• (iv) They led to the improvement of health services for Africans through the construction of health centres/ hospitals.
• (v) Their exploration of the physical features that existed in the region attracted adventurers / investors/ researchers.
• (vi) They led to the translation of the New Testament thereby hastening the spread of Christianity.
• (vii) They led to the introduction of Western education/ culture / civilisation.
• (viii) They led to the division of Africans along different doctrines/ beliefs.
• (ix) They led to the establishment of African independent schools/ churches which accommodated their cultural practices.
• (x) They led to increased food production through the introduction of modern farming methods/new crops.
• (xi) They led to the abolition of slave trade / establishment of freed slave centres / Freetown / Freretown.
• (xii) They represented African interests in the Legislative Council.

Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.

19. (a) Five roles of the chiefs in Kenya during the colonial period

• (i) Collection of taxes.
• (ii) Clearing roads/foot paths.
• (iii) Maintenance of public order/law and order.
• (iv) Settling minor disputes.
• (v) Recruitment of labour for public works.
• (vi) Controlling brewing of illegal liquor/cultivation of poisonous plants/cannabis sativa/Carrying of illegal weapons.

Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks

(b) Terms of Devonshire White Paper of 1923.
(i) If African interests and those of immigrant communities were in conflict, then African interest would prevail.
(ii) A missionary would be nominated to the Legislative Council to represent African interests.
(iii) The Kenya highlands were to be reserved for European settlers.
(iv) The demand of the European settlers for self-government in Kenya was rejected.
(v) It abolished racial segregation in residential areas / restriction on the migration of Indians.
(vi) Indians were allowed to elect five members to the legislative council on a communal roll.
(vii) The Colonial Secretary to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony.
Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.

20 a)  Highlight five  Grievances of the Africans against the Europeans in Kenya during colonial period.

(i) The Kipande system.

(ii) Low wages.

(iii) Poor working / living conditions.

(iv) Prohibition / restriction from growing cash crops.

(v) Land alienation.

(vi) The destocking policy.

(vii) Poor social amenities/education/ health.

(viii) Exclusion/ discrimination in government.

(ix) Taxation/ poll/ hut taxes.

(x) Interferences with their cultural practices/ polygamy/ Female circumcision.b) Describe five constitutional changes in Kenya between 1991 and August 2010.

(i) b) The repeal of section 2 (A) in 1991 of the constitution which re-introduced multi-party democracy. 

(ii) c) The 1991 constitutional amendment which limited the tenure of a president to two five-year terms. 

(iii) d) The 1997 constitutional amendment which allowed the nomination of members of parliament by political parties on the basis of their strength in parliament. 

(iv) e) The 2000 amendment which created the constitution of Kenya review commission thereby legalizing the review of the constitution. 

(v) f) The 2005 amendment which allowed the Attorney General to review the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission (CKRC) draft/Ghai draft thereby producing the proposed new constitutional / WAKO draft. 

(vi) g) The 2008 constitutional amendment which allowed the formation of a coalition government through the National Accord and Reconciliation Act.

(b) Describe the six stages through which a bill passes through in Parliament before it becomes a law in Kenya.

(i) First reading where the bill is introduced in parliament for members to acquaint themselves with its contents.

(ii) Second reading where the bill is discussed/members make their contributions.

(iii) Committee stage where improvements/amendments on the bill are done by taking into consideration all suggestions.

(iv) Report stage that involves taking the bill back to parliament in its improved form to confirm that the proposed changes have been incorporated.

(v) Third reading whereby further debate/voting takes place/bill is amended where necessary.

(vi) Presidential assent whereby the president signs it and it becomes law/act of parliament

2. Identify three offices in the County Assemblies in Kenya:

(i) The office of the Speaker.

(ii) The office of the majority party leader.

(iii) The office of the minority party leader.

(iv) The office of the Clerk of the Assembly.

Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b) Six functions of the county government in Kenya

(i) They conserve the environment by controlling/regulating pollution of water/land/air

(ii) They promote agriculture through provision of extension services/advice to farmers/artificial insemination/farm inputs/fisheries

(iii) They provide/coordinate early childhood development education (ECDE)/village polytechnic by constructing infrastructure/employment of teachers/instructors.

(iv) They provide health services by employing medical personnel/provision of medicine/infrastructure.

(v) They facilitate cultural activities by development of stadia/entertainment centres/public halls/cultural centres.

(vi) They control the use of drugs/access to pornography by making

(viii) They promote trade by issuing licenses/constructing markets/lighting.

(ix) They provide/regulate firefighting/disaster management centres which responds to emergencies.

(x) They provide/manage water/sewerage services in their counties.

(xi) They make/regulate county planning development through surveying and mapping.

(xii) They implement specific national policy/legislation on natural resources/environmental conservation.

(xiii) Ensuring participation of local communities in governance.

(xiv) They provide animal control/welfare through vaccination/guidance on disposal of dead animals/issuance...

23  (a) The relationship between the National Assembly and the Senate in Kenya:

(i) They both make laws/ legislation. 

(ii) They represent people’s interests. 

(iii) They exercise oversight over state officers. 

(iv) They monitor expenditure of public revenue.

(v) They determine allocation of public funds/ revenue.

(b) Functions of Cabinet Secretaries in Kenya. (12 marks)

(i) They monitor implementation of government policies/ programmes in order to ensure delivery of services to the citizens.

(ii) They assist/ advise the president on the day to day running of the government/ ministries/ departments.

• (iii) They appoint board members of parastatals under them on behalf of the president.
• (iv) They answer/ clarify issues raised by the Parliament regarding performance of ministries/ government departments.
• (v) The CS in charge of Finance prepares/ presents the national budget to the Parliament.
• (vi) They formulate policies/ programmes which guide the operations of the government.
• (vii) They performs any other duties delegated to them by the President.
• (viii) They initiate new bills for tabling in Parliament for consideration.

Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks