1. Two advantages of using electronics as a source of information on History and Government.

(i) They are faster/information can be received immediately. 

(ii) The information is readily available/ can be accessed whenever it is needed. 

(iii) The information can be disseminated to many people at the same time. 

(iv) The information can be saved/ stored for future reference. 

(v) They record information in real time. 

(vi) They give reality of the past events.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

2. Identify one method of chemical dating that is used by archaeologists to date fossils.

(i) Radio-carbon dating. / Carbon(14) dating. (ii) Potassium argon dating.

Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark

3. One theory that explains the development of early agriculture.

(i) Diffusion theory where agriculture developed and spread from one area. / One area theory / Centrifugal theory. 

(ii) Independent theory where agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.

1×1=1 mark

4. Meaning of the term regional trade.

It is a trade that takes place between two or more geographical regions which are endowed with different resources.

1×1=1 mark

5. State two characteristics of the Roman roads

(i) They were straight. 

(ii) They were well drained. 

(iii) They were built with bridges/tunnels. 

(iv) They had raised surfaces. 

(v) They were durable.

6. Identify two forms of oral traditions used to obtain information on History and Government:

(i) Myths. 

(ii) Legends. 

(iii) Proverbs. / Riddles 

(iv) Songs. 

(v) Folktales/stories. 

(vi) poems 

(vii) Tongue twisters

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

7. Uses of wind as a source of energy during the ancient period. 

(i) It was used to propel/drive sailing ships. 

(ii) It was used to turn windmills to grind grains. (iii) It was used to pump water. 

(iv) It was used to dry grains. 

(v) It was used to winnow grains.

Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks

8. One social function of the ancient city of Kilwa Kisiwani. 

(i) It was a religious centre/cultural centre. 

(ii) It was a residential centre. 

(iii) It was an educational centre.

9. Two economic factors which led to the growth of Buganda in 19th century. 

(i) Sound agriculture economy/fertile soils ideal for crop cultivation. 

(ii) Participation in trade/long distance trade. 

(iii) Wealth/resources acquired from conquered states. 

(iv) Tributes paid by rulers of conquered territories.

Any 2×1=2 marks

10. Explain Give two factors which united the Asante during the pre-colonial period.

(i) The Odwira festival. (ii) The Golden Stool. (iii) The Asantehene. / King / Emperor

2×1=2 marks.

11. Give the Main reason for the defeat of the African resistance against the European invasion

• The European soldiers had superior weapons/African had inferior weapons.

1×1=1 mark

12. Explain Give two ways in which the second world war led to increased dependency of European countries on their colonies. 

(i) They supplied/were sources of raw materials. 

(ii) They were markets for manufactured goods. 

(iii) They received taxes from colonies.

Any 2×1=2 marks

13. Aims for the formation of the United Nations Organization in 1945

(i) To promote friendly relations among nations. 

(ii) To maintain international peace and security. 

(iii) To achieve international cooperation in solving global problems. 

(iv) To serve as the centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. 

(v) To promote respect for human rights. 

(vi) To uphold international law. 

(vii) To promote social progress and improve standards of living for the people. 

(viii) To promote cultural co-operation among member states. 

(ix) prevent the outbreak of another war. 

(x) To protect the interest the marginalised groups / women. 

(xi) To promote economic [growth] of member st[ates]. 

(xii) To replace the [league of] nations which collapsed.

2×1=2 marks

15. Give the main reason for the formation of the Organization of African Unity.

• To promote unity/mutual understanding among the African states. 1×1=1 mark

16. Discuss Outline two methods used by the African nationalists in the struggle for majority rule in South Africa. 

(i) They organized protests/demonstrations/strikes. defiance campaigns. 

(ii) Used armed struggle. 

(iii) Used diplomacy/negotiation. 

(iv) Formed political parties/trade unions. 

(v) Solicited/appealed for international support. 

(vi) They Used mass media.

(vii) Formed trade unions

(viii) use of hunger strikes by those in prison.

(ix) The clergy / church protested against apartheid regime.

(x) used job boycotts / strikes / go slows.

17. (a) Five characteristics of agriculture in Britain before the Agrarian Revolution

(i) Land was rented to peasant farmers by the nobles. 

(ii) Human labour was used/no mechanization. 

(iii) Crop/livestock breeds were of poor quality. 

(iv) It was small scale farming/ subsistence farming. (v) Livestock was grazed communally. 

(vi) Open-field system of farming was practiced. / land was not fenced.

(vii) The government did not subsidize it. 

(viii) Pieces of farm lands were scattered. 

(ix) Traditional farming methods were used. They used broadcasting method of Planting.

(X) There were paths / cuttracks in the farms

(XI) The land belonged to kings / feudal Lords.

(XII) They used simple farming tools / sticks / hoes / wooden

• (XIII) They practiced inter-cropping
• (XIV) They practiced mixed farming
• (XV) Land was left farrow to regain fertility.
• (XVI) Land was subdivided into stripes / divided into three portions.

Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks.

(b) Explain five disadvantages of using oral tradition as a source of information on History and Government

• (i) It is time consuming as you require a lot of time to interview people/informants.
• (ii) It is possible for the informant to conceal certain negative information on people/communities thereby distorting the information.
• (iii) It can be exaggerated thereby making it difficult to differentiate between real and imagined stories.
• (iv) Since it depends on human memory it is possible to forget/omit important information.
• (v) It is expensive as the interviewer has to meet related costs for the informant like transport/accommodation.
  (vi) It may be difficult to give correct chronology of events/dates as they occurred.

18. (a) Discuss five uses of steam in Europe during the Industrial Revolution.

• (i) To drive/ power machines in factories.
• (ii) To turn turbines that generated electricity.
• (iii) To power locomotive/ ships.
• (iv) To provide heat.
• (v) To pump water.
• (vi) To open massive doors

(b) [Explain] Five ways through which South Africa has benefited from industrialization.

• (i) It generates foreign exchange through exports of manufactured goods.
• (ii) It has created employment as people work in industries/factories.
• (iii) It has led to diversification of the economy through the exploitation of mineral(s)/agricultural resources.
• (iv) It has promoted the development of transport/communication infrastructure, thereby easing the movement of goods/people/services/interaction of people.
• (v) It generates government revenue through taxes levied on industries/products.
• (vi) It has led to increased volume of local/international trade due to availability of a variety of goods/services/expansion of trade.
• (vii) It has promoted urbanization as towns develop around/near the industries.
  (viii) It has enhanced agriculture through establishment of agro-based industries which process raw materials/manufacture farm inputs/provide market for farm produce.
  (ix) It has contributed to development of social amenities/schools/hospitals which serve the people.
  (x) It has promoted banking/insurance industries which offer credit facilities/security to investors.
  (xi) It has improved the living standards of people as a result of income earned from industrialization.
• Any 5×2=10 marks.

19. (a) Give five reasons why the British used indirect rule in Northern Nigeria

• (i) It has succeeded in other British protectorates.
• (ii) Due to inadequate funds to meet the cost of administration.
• (iii) There was language/communication barrier between the British and the Africans.
• (iv) Due to poor infrastructure/roads/communication network.
• (v) There existed an elaborate/centralized local administrative system / Central govt.
• (vi) Feared to stir up/provoke African resistance.
• (vii) Inadequate personnel to administer the vast territory.

(b) [Explain five] Similar challenges faced by the colonial administrators in Senegal and Nigeria.

• (i) There was language barrier between colonial officials and the subjects/Africans which undermined effective communication.
• (ii) Inadequate capital / financial resources hampered effective administration.
• (iii) Resistance from Africans made running of government difficult.
• (iv) They were attacked by tropical diseases which made them less effective/productive in discharging their duties.
• (v) Poor transport/communication infrastructure undermined/effective flow of information in the colonies.
• (vi) The administrators were unpopular among the subjects/Africans.
• (v) Poor transport/ communication infrastructure undermined/effective flow of information in the colonies.
  (vi) The administrators were unpopular among the subjects/ Africans thereby posing a security risk to them.
  (vii) Illiteracy/ lack of education among African rulers made it difficult for them to grasp new ideas/ policies introduced by the colonial government.
  (viii) The rise of nationalism threatened colonial government thereby causing panic/ created uncertainty in the colonies.
• (ix) Poor geographical knowledge of the colonies made the administrators spent a lot of time to cover all areas of the colony.
  (x) Cultural diversity / differences between the colonial officials and the subjects created misunderstanding between the two camps.
  (xi) Inadequate personnel with administrative skills who were unable to handle some governance issues satisfactorily.

20. (a) Causes of the Congo Crisis of 1960

• (i) The mutiny of the African soldiers in the army.
• (ii) Tribal/ ethnic nationalism in the country.
• (iii) Personality differences between its leaders/ Prime Minister and President/ Patrice Lumumba and Joseph Kasavubu.
• (iv) Ideological/ political differences among its leaders.
• (v) Secession tendencies by some regions/ Kasai / Katanga
• (vi) Competition for resources/ minerals. 
• (vii) Ill preparedness of the African leadership for self-rule. 
• (viii) External interference / Russians/ Americans in the leadership of the country.
• Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks.

(b) Discuss five factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Asante Empire.

(i) The Odwira festival, which was celebrated annually, created unity among the different states.

(ii) The existence of an efficient and large standing army enabled the Asante to conquer and control neighbouring states.

(iii) The presence of strong and able leaders such as Osei Tutu, Opoku Ware, and Obiri Yeboa provided effective leadership and guidance.

(iv) The presence of small states around Kumasi, which originated from the same Oyoko clan, formed the nucleus from which the empire was founded.

(v) The centralized political system under the Asantehene ensured effective administration and stability.

(vii) The Golden Stool united the different clans and served as a symbol of unity.

(viii) Wealth generated from the Trans-Saharan and Trans-Atlantic trade ensured economic stability.

(ix) The existence of a strong agricultural base ensured an adequate supply of food and supported population growth.

(x) The bravery and pride of the Asante, as well as their desire for independence, led to the creation of a strong empire.

Any 5 × 2 = 10 marks.

Section C

21 a.) Describe (~~Give~~) three levels of international relations.

• (i) Political
• (ii) Diplomatic.
• (iii) Economic.
• (iv) Social cultural.

Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

b) Explain six Achievements of the Commonwealth since its formation.

• (i) It has provided financial assistance / aid to the less developed members for economic development.
• (ii) It has supported / promoted education through Commonwealth scholarships for students to study in other countries.
• (iii) It has promoted / encouraged trading activities / trade among member states by conducting market research / trade fairs/ marketing goods/ services.
• (iv) Member states have benefitted from the technical cooperation/ advice/ expertise in various fields/ health.
• (v) It has promoted democratic governance among members by sending observers during...
• (vi) It has promoted international cooperation / understanding among member states through exchange of ideas.
• (vii) It has promoted socio-cultural cooperation through games / exchange of cultural programmes.
• (viii) It sends peace keeping missions to member countries involved in conflicts / war torn areas.
• (ix) It has provided a forum for member states to speak in one voice on global issues.
• (x) It has promoted human rights / respect for the rule of law / Legal cooperation in member countries.
  • (xi) It has supported youth programmes geared toward national development among the member sta...
• Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks

22 (a) Discuss (~~Ways in which~~) three (~~Ways in which~~) Ways in which ECOWAS has promoted trade among its members

• (i) It has created a custom union /free trade area /common market.
• (ii) Establishment of ECOWAS trade liberation scheme to remove tariff barriers.
• (iii) It has implemented trade related policies/agreements.
• (iv) Promotion of trade integration/regulatory reforms/ECOWAS single Custom Declaration Form.
• (b) Discuss five factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Asante empire.
  • (ix)(i) The Odwira festival which was celebrated annually created unity among the different states.
  • (x)(ii) The efficient/large standing army which enabled her to conquer/control the neighbouring states.
  • (xi)(iii) Existence of strong/able leaders like Osei Tutu/Opuku Ware/Obiri Yeboa provided required guidance.
  • (xii)(iv) Presence of small states around Kumasi which originated from the same Oyoko clan formed the nuclear from which the empire was founded.
  • (xiii)(v) The centralized political system provided under Asantehene ensured stability.
  • (xiv)(vi) The Golden Stool united the different clans/was a symbol of unity.
  • (xv)(vii) Wealth generated from the Tans-Saharan trade / Tran-Atlantic trade ensured economic stability.
  • (xvi)(viii) The existence of strong agricultural base ensured adequate supply of food/increase in population.
  • (xvii)(ix) Bravery/pride of the Asante/desire to be independent led to creation of a strong empire.
• Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks.

• Section C

• 21 a.) Describe (~~Give~~) three levels of international relations.
  • (i) Political
  • (ii) Diplomatic.
  • (iii) Economic.
  • (iv) Social cultural.
• Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks
  b) Explain six Achievements of the Commonwealth since its formation.
  • (i) It has provided financial assistance / aid to the less developed members for economic development.
  • (ii) It has supported / promoted education through Commonwealth scholarships for students to study in other countries.
  • (iii) It has promoted / encouraged trading activities / trade among member states by conducting market research / trade fairs/ marketing goods/ services.
  • (iv) Member states have benefitted from the technical cooperation/ advice/ expertise in various fields/ health.
  • (v) It has promoted democratic governance among members by sending observers during...
  • (vi) It has promoted international cooperation / understanding among member states through exchange of ideas.
  • (vii) It has promoted socio-cultural cooperation through games / exchange of cultural programmes.
  • (viii) It sends peace keeping missions to member countries involved in conflicts / war torn areas.
  • (ix) It has provided a forum for member states to speak in one voice on global issues.
  • (x) It has promoted human rights / respect for the rule of law / Legal cooperation in member countries.
  • (xi) It has supported youth programmes geared toward national development among the member sta...
• Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
  22 (a) Discuss three Ways in which ECOWAS has promoted trade among its members
  • (i) It has created a custom union /free trade area /common market.
  • (ii) Establishment of ECOWAS trade liberation scheme to remove tariff barriers.
  • (iii) It has implemented trade related policies/agreements.
  • (iv) Promotion of trade integration/regulatory reforms/ECOWAS single Custom Declaration Form.
• (b) Explain six achievements of the African Union (AU)
  • (i) It has sent peace-keeping forces to war torn countries/Burundi/Somalia/Sierra Leone in order to restore political stability.
  • (ii) It has been involved in monitoring/observing general elections in Africa so as to ensure that the elections are free and fair.
  • (iii) It has encouraged accountability in leadership through the peer review mechanism.
  • (iv) It has enabled African countries to speak with one voice in international fora.
  • (v) It has mediated conflicts between warring parties/states in order to come up with amicable solutions.
  • (vi) It has established mechanism to speed up economic developments through specialized committees.
  • (vii) It has created a forum where the heads of state/government discuss issues affecting Africa.
  • (viii) It has promoted respect for human rights by establishing mechanisms of monitoring/reporting human rights violations/abuse among member states.
• Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks
• (a) Three stages in the electoral process in Britain
• (i) Voter registration.
• (ii) Nomination of candidates.
• (iii) Election campaigns.
• (iv) Voting. / polling
• (v) Announcement of results

Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks

(b) Describe six functions of the Prime Minister of India

• (i) He/she recommends the persons who would get/receive presidential awards/honors.
• (ii) He/she is the head of federal government. Hence forms the government
• (iii) He/she is the leader of the majority party in parliament/ruling party which forms the government.
• (iv) He/she nominate cabinet minister for presidential appointment.
• (v) He/she presides over the cabinet by chairing its meeting.
• (vi) He/she supervises/oversees operations/work of government ministries/departments.
• (vii) He/she participates in the law making process legislation in the Lok Sabha/Lower