1. Give two reasons why a person cannot rely on written materials as a source of information on history and government. (2marks) 

• The author may omit essential Information hence unreliable. 
• May be misunderstood / misinterpreted to discredit others or suit one’s needs. 
• Writers can be biased since they write from their point of view 
• Some are not readily available for reference. 
• Are limited to only those who can read or write. 
• Expensive to acquire. 
• Reading Is time consuming 
• Some contain inaccurate information.                                     

2. Identify two cultural practices introduced by the Cushites in Kenya. (2marks) 

• Taboo against eating fish 
•  Circumcision 
•  Age-set System 

3. Identify the title given to the war leader among the Luo community 

•  Osumba mrwayi. 

4. State two similarities in the political organization of the Ameru and the Abagusii during the 19th Century. (2 marks)

Ø  In both the clan formed the basic political unit

Ø  In both Leadership was by the council of elders

Ø  Both had age-set systems

Ø  In both the council of elders settled disputes

Ø  They both had warriors who defended their communities                            (2 x 1 = 2 marks)

5. Give one way in which one can loose Kenyan citizenship by registration. (1 mark)

Ø  If a person acquired citizenship by fraud, false representation or concealment of any material fact.

Ø  If the person has, during any war in which Kenya was engaged, unlawfully traded or communicated with an enemy or been engaged in or associated with any business that was knowingly carried on in such a manner as to assist an enemy in that war.

Ø  If the person has, within five years after registration, been convicted of an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of three years or longer.

Ø  If a person has, at any time after registration, been convicted of treason, or of an offence for which a penalty of at least seven years imprisonment may be imposed.                         (1x 1=1mark)

6. State one feature of missionary education. (1 mark)

Ø  It was elementary.

Ø  Industrial and technical in approach

Ø  It was denominational and it aimed at inculcating doctrines of a particular church in learners.

(1x1=1mark)

7. Identify the main grievance of Ukamba Members Association

Ø   They were against the destocking policy.                                                           (1x1=1mark)

8. State two advantages of using arbitration as a method of resolving conflict.

Ø  One can choose their own arbitrator.

Ø  Its private and confidential i.e. no publicity.

Ø  Its fast because one chooses the time.

Ø  You choose your own rules                                                                 

9.  List two methods used by the British to establish their rule in Kenya. (2 marks)

Ø  Signing of treaties;

Ø  Military conquest/ Use of force.

Ø  Use of missionaries as frontrunners.

Ø  Treachery and Divide and rule policy

Ø  Use of company rule.

Ø  Luring/enticements.

Ø  Diplomatic skills.                                                                                  

10.  What was the main outcome of the Devonshire White Paper of 1923? (1 mark)

Ø  That Kenya was an African country and the interest of the Africans were to be given priority in cases where there was conflict of interest among the races.                           

11.  State the main result of repealing section 2A of the constitution in 1991.

Ø  Led to reintroduction of multiparty democracy.                                 

12.  The main ideological difference between KANU and KADU before independence in 1963 (1 mark)

Ø  KANU wanted a unitary system of government while KADU wanted a federal system of government 

 13.  Name the education commission that was established in 1982 to review the 8.4.4 system of education. (1 mark)

Ø  Mackay commission                          

14.  Give two rules that govern the concept of natural justice (2 marks)

Ø  Right to a fair hearing

Ø  The rule against bias                                                                                  

15.  Two types of funds in which government revenue is deposited.

Ø  Consolidated fund.

Ø  Equalization fund.

Ø  Contigency fund.                                                                        

16.  State one branch of the Kenya defence forces.

Ø  The Kenya Army.

Ø  The Kenya Air Force.

Ø  The Kenya Navy                                                                                         

17.  Name two National Days in Kenya. (2 marks)

Ø  Madaraka Day- 1 st June

Ø  Mashujaa Day- 20th October

Ø  Jamuhuri Day- 12th December

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

18.  a) State three functions of the Council of Elders among the Agikuyu. ( 3 marks)
Ø   settling disputes
Ø  Deliberating on day-to-day activities
Ø  Administering justice
Ø  Handled disputes such as inheritance disputes
Ø  Acted as a final court of appeal.

b)  Describe the Social Organization of the Ameru during the Pre- Colonial Period. (12 marks)

Ø  The Ameru was a system characterized by the existence of various councils from the council of children to the supreme council of Njuri Ncheke. This was meant to ensure the highest moral standards in the community.

Ø  Marriage was regarded highly among the Ameru and a married woman would be assigned to an elderly woman (midwife) whom she must give gifts like millet, peas and black beans in exchange for midwifery. Any spouse who involved in adultery or any girl who was not a virgin at the time of marriage was stoned to death by a stoning council made up of male initiates. Marriage was exogamous (no one was allowed to marry from their clan).

Ø  Before a male child was considered mature, he underwent several stages including circumcision. Before circumcision of both boys and girls, two ceremonies were performed after which they became full members of the community. a. The time of making spots where the ear-hole perforation would be done. b. The time of actual perforation of the ears.

Ø  The Ameru believed in the existence of a supreme being called Baaba Weetu who was a loving father and took care of all. He was omnipresent.

Ø  The Ameru also believed in the existence of spirits which either brought happiness or tears depending on how one lived on earth.

Ø  They believed in life after death with good people going where rains come from when they die. Libations were offered to ancestors to quench their thirst and relieve their hunger

Ø  Building houses in the Ameru community was the work of women while men defended the community

19.  (a) What were the reasons for the construction of Kenya Uganda Railway during the colonial Period (5marks)
Ø  To facilitate the movement of troops to suppress resistance
Ø  To transport the administrators into the interior for effective control of British East Africa
Ø  To promote the development of legitimate trade
Ø  To transport goods from the interior to the coast
Ø  The British wanted to protect the sources of river Nile
Ø  The British wanted to exploit the resources in the interior

(b) Explain 5 reasons which led to the formation of independent churches and Schools during the colonial period (10 marks)

Ø  Africans were unhappy with the westernizing influence of Christian missionaries/Missionaries taught against African customs/Africans wanted Christianity but still wanted to retain their customs and culture

Ø  African perceived mission education as inadequate as it prepared them for low status jobs the they wanted education that was relevant to African situation. Africans were only taught reading writing and arithmetic (3Rs)

Ø  There was opened discrimination against African in Church leadership.

Ø  They were a reacting against colonial domination and exploitation of Africans/ the Missionaries were perceived as colonialists

Ø  African initiative where some Africans claimed to have received divine calling

Ø  Africans were dissatisfied with the interpretation of the Christian scriptures.

Ø  Africans wanted better education to enable them improve their economic status.

20.    (a) State three roles of Wangari Maathai in the history of Kenya. (3 marks)

Ø  She was the founder of the Green Belt movement to fight environmental degradation

Ø  She was involved in tree planting activities in the country. She encouraged the women to work together to grow seedlings and plant trees to bind the soil, store rainwater, provide food and firewood, and receive a small monetary token for their work.

Ø  She safeguarded Karura forest from destruction by private developers

Ø  She succeeded in stopping the proposed construction of a sixty storey Kenya Times Media Trust complex at Uhuru park

Ø  She served as an assistant minister for Environment, Natural resources and Wildlife after the 2002 elections

Ø  Chair of the Board, the Green Belt Movement (2002-2011)

Ø  She fought against land grabbing and the encroachment of agriculture into the forests

Ø  Addressed international networks like UN to seek support for environmental conservation

Ø  She held seminars to educate citizens to press the government to conserve the environment

Ø  While working at the University of Nairobi as an Associate Professor in 1977 she campaigned for the women members of staff to get equal pay and allowances with their male counterparts

Ø  For her efforts in different fields she won many national and international awards such as the Conservation Scientist Award. But the greatest of them all was when she made history by becoming the pioneer African woman and environmentalist to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace

Ø  She participated in several NGOs like the Red Cross which supports victims of calamities and from the experiences gained from working with all these organizations she began to encourage women to plant trees so as to take care of the home needs of their families as well as raise money for medication and the education of their children

(b) Explain six reasons why the Nandi resistance to the British was protracted. (12 marks)

Ø  They used guerrilla warfare as their land was covered with forests, caves and hills and therefore the British forces could not use their guns effectively,

Ø  The British forces were not familiar with the mountainous and forested terrain and this slowed down their movement while the Nandi warriors were familiar and therefore very mobile. − The age-set system provided young, disciplined and experienced warriors due to the many successful raids against their neighbours,

Ø  Their mixed economy ensured a steady supply of food even when the British applied scorched- earth policy, the Nandi could still get food from their livestock,

Ø  The wet and cold climate caused respiratory diseases to the invading British forces thereby greatly slowing down their advance while the Nandi warriors were strong as they used to the climate,

Ø  The orkoiyot who was their symbol of unity inspired the warriors to fight with determination and courage

Ø  The earlier successful raids against their neighbours had made them feel superior to them and so they fought the British with determination so as to preserve their dominant position in the region 

21.  (a) Give three methods used by Kenya African Union (KAU) to articulate African grievances in colonial Kenya (3 marks)

Ø  Use of meetings or rallies

Ø  Sending representatives to international Fora

Ø  Use of Newspapers, like Sauti ya Mwafrika

(b) Apart from independent Churches and Schools, explain six other factors that speeded the achievement of independence in Kenya after 1945 (12 marks)

Ø  The experience of ex-servicemen made them realize that Europeans were not superior

Ø  Acquisition of western education by many Africans enabled them to understand political developments at international level and forcefully demanded for independence.

Ø  Realization by Britain that colonies were expensive to manage hence the need to grant them independence/the rise of Labour Party

Ø  Failure by the government to reward the ex-soldiers increased agitation for independence

Ø  The establishment of political parties by African nationalists like KANU, KADU, APP enhanced mobilization of the masses against colonial rule.

Ø  The Mau Mau uprising forced the British to realize the need of granting Kenya independence.

− Nomination and election of Africans to the Legco enabled them to use the House as a forum to agitate for independence

Ø  Emergence of Trade Union movement which helped to mobilize workers to fight for their rights.

Ø  Pan- African movement and other global bodies helped in the establishment of Afro- Asian people solidarity organization which supported the course of Africa nationalists in Kenya.

Ø  Independence of other countries e.g. Ghana and India inspired African nationalists in Kenya to fight for their independence.

Ø  The formation of the UNO and the pressure exercised on the European powers to decolonize by the super powers − Signing of Atlantic Charter in 1941. 

SECTION C

22.  (a) Identify three importance of democracy in Kenya. (3 marks)

Ø  The leaders cannot ignore the people from whom they get power to govern them/the interests of the citizens are paramount.

Ø  It fosters equality and unity among all people regardless of their colour, gender or religious beliefs.

Ø  It has moral and educative value as it helps individuals to develop their personality and sense of responsibility.

Ø  It balances the liberty of the individual with the power of the state.

Ø  It promotes patriotism and nationalism among the citizens and thus reduces the chances of a revolution.

Ø  It promotes peace and stability in the country.

Ø  It promotes international harmony.

(b) Explain six rights of an accused person in Kenya. (12 marks)

Ø  The accused person is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

Ø  One should be given adequate time to consult with the advocate or witness.

Ø  One should be informed of the charge with sufficient detail so as to prepare a defence in a language one understands.

Ø  One should be present when court proceedings are taking place. − One should be given a chance to plead leniency.

Ø  One must have free assistance of an interpreter if they cannot understand or speak the language.

Ø  One should not be forced to give evidence.

Ø  One should be allowed to be heard or remain silent and not testify during proceedings

Ø  To refuse to give self- incriminating evidence

Ø  One should be allowed to appeal against the ruling/ challenge the evidence.

Ø  One has the right to legal representation.

Ø  To have trial begin and concluded in the shortest time possible.

23.  (a) State five features of the Independence constitution of 1962. (5 marks)
Ø  A federal government was adopted with six regions each retaining considerable powers through the central government.
Ø  The National Assembly was bicameral consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Ø  It spelt out the powers and responsibilities of central and regional governments.
Ø  It created the post of the Prime Minister to head the Government.
Ø  It created the post of the Governor General representing the Queen of England as the head of state.
Ø  It safeguarded the interests of the minority groups like the Europeans and Asians.
Ø  It provided for an independent and impartial judiciary to ensure that justice is done.
Ø  It led to the formation of an Independent Electoral Commission that would ensure impartiality and honesty during elections.
Ø  It provided that the party with majority seats could form the government which would comprise of the Prime Minister and Cabinet ministers.
Ø  A bill of rights spelling out the fundamental rights and freedoms of all citizens was included in the constitution                                              
(b) Explain five functions of the Cabinet in Kenya. (10 marks)
Ø  Advising and assisting the president in the day to day running of the government.
Ø  Discuses matters of national and international concern.
Ø  It formulates government’s domestic and foreign policies.
Ø  Initiates bills and tables government bills in the house.
Ø  They give direction to their respective ministries.
Ø  They appear before a committee of the National Assembly or the Senate when required by the committee and answer questions pertaining to the various ministries.
Ø  They expound government policies.
Ø  They ensure that the government policies are implemented by the civil servants.
Ø  Members of the cabinet represent the president at functions or meetings in and outside the country i.e. they perform delegated duties.
Ø  The Minister for Finance formulates and prepares the Budget which he or she then presents to the National Assembly.

24.  (a) State five reforms which have been introduced to improve the conditions of Correctional Services. (5 marks)

Ø  Provision of better food and improved medical services

Ø  Provision of sufficient clothing and bedding.

Ø  Efficient transport as new vehicles has been purchased.

Ø  Direct involvement of the national government in the affairs of those receiving correctional services. This has raised the morale of those who held and Kenyans.

Ø  The release of death-row inmates. Some inmates who had been in jail for over 10 years were released. − The release of a record 11,500 prisoners in December 2003 was aimed at reducing congestion and enhances the provision of better correctional services.

Ø  Streamlining of the hearing of cases with a view to keeping inmates in remand for a short period before sentencing them.

(b) Explain five factors which undermine free and fair elections in Kenya. (10 marks)
 
Ø  Inadequate civic education.
 
Ø  Ethnic and party loyalties.
 
Ø  Harassment of voters
 
Ø  Biased election officials
 
Ø  Incompetent election officials
 
Ø  Inaccessibility of polling stations owing to transport and communication difficulties or due to extreme weather conditions
 
Ø  Illiteracy of voters
 
Ø  Election rigging
 
Ø  Corruption in elections e.g. impersonation, cheating or bribery
 
Ø  Use of negative propaganda by parties in an attempt to outwit one another
 
Ø  Gender insensitivity
 
Ø  Misuse of the mass media
 
Ø  Election violence and consequent chaos can mar elections
 
Ø  Poor distribution of election materials.